Who counts as a European? Where are the outer frontiers of Europe? Are Russians Europeans? Are they Europeans even if very few of them very seldom think of themselves as Europeans?¹ Are Turks Europeans? And if so, what about the Turkic nations, Turkmens and Azerbaijanis? And their non-Turkic neighbours, Georgians and Armenians? The uncertainties surrounding these "hard" or "frontier" cases do not present any insurmountable obstacles to the constructing of a European supranational identity. For an identity in the process of construction, the controversies over its outer boundaries are not only natural but also welcome: such a controversy appears to assume that there is a core European identity which allows us to debate the exact location of its outer boundaries. In this debate about who counts as a European, the French, the British and the Germans, indeed the original six or the present 15 European Union members are assumed to be, without any doubt, Europeans. It is only the membership of other border nations that is possibly in doubt.