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(2014) Europe beyond universalism and particularism, Dordrecht, Springer.
Friedrich Schiller's ode "An die Freude' (Ode to Joy, 1785) enthusiastically celebrates an idealistic vision of the unity of humankind where all human beings are brothers. In the final movement of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony (1823), the first choral symphony by a major composer, the words of Schiller's poem, with additions by Beethoven, are sung by four vocal soloists and a chorus.
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Full citation:
Hirvonen, A. (2014)., Imagining Europe as open spaces, in S. Lindberg, M. Ojakangas & S. Prozorov (eds.), Europe beyond universalism and particularism, Dordrecht, Springer, pp. 162-178.
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